In an emerging urban form of cities, traditional core is often found to be declining in terms of quality of life – as opposed to new communities in the outlying areas. Discuss growth management strategies and instruments by which you can prevent this decline?

Growth management, by contrast, seeks to preserve public goods, improve social equity and minimize adverse impacts of development while still accommodating new housing and economic growth. 

Such programs often involve a package of tools such as zoning, comprehensive plans, subdivision regulations, development fees and exaction, and infrastructure investments and are sometimes described as growth controls, growth management strategies, or sustainable development. 

Despite these efforts' increasing popularity, some observers are concerned that such efforts adversely affect land and housing markets and lead to problems of housing affordability which will directly affect the traditional core to be in declining in terms of quality of life as opposed to new communities in the outlying areas. 

The focus of this work is to determine appropriate strategies that can help to achieve a greater degree of community sustainability. One construct for community sustainability is the three “E’s” – Environment, Equity, and Economics. 

All three must work together to create a truly sustainable community, e.g., a job is an important part of quality of life, and further, access to Employment by all members of the community is important.

The growth management strategies by which we can prevent this decline in traditional core are enlisted below:

1. Development

A more common purpose is to achieve a balance between the amount of growth and the ability to provide the transportation, energy, water and waste disposal, public safety, education, public health, and other services needed by human populations. Development can be metered out so that a community can maintain its ability to provide adequate services and to avoid some of the negative effects of boom and bust development cycles which can strain a community’s ability to just absorb the sheer amount of change. 

2. Growth externalizes

Growth externalizes is directly linked with transportation and urban form. Due to technological innovation, the central cities which has its core area, people began to shifting in peripheral locations. As we see in the Peter.o. Muller article , when the railway corridor was developed in US, the people who are living in traditional core shifted as the shiftment of industries from the core area. As i explained above,- that for community sustainability is the three “E’s” – Environment, Equity, and Economics. All three must work together to create a truly sustainable community, if these don’t work together, there are such affect which will destroy the traditional core.

3. Equality in the quality of life 

Enrique Penalosa also focused on equality in the quality of life, and this clearly defines if there is a provision of equity on basic services and amenities to poor citizens then the central cities with traditional settlement can be preserved. 

The main urban growth management strategies to control the city from declining is that, there should be the provision of equal access and physical infrastructure development. To create an employment, with services and facilities needed in that society- there should be an important tool that- local governments have to direct growth is their expenditures for capital improvements, e.g., streets, parks, and schools. Linking those expenditures to the vision created in a comprehensive or area plan can be a powerful motivator for private investment consistent with the vision to preserve the traditional core with its historical identities.

References:

Why cities must build equality: Enrique Penalosa

Transportation and urban form (stages in the spatial evolution of the American metropolis): Peter.o.Muller

American Journal

Construction Technology and Material of "Malla House"

The construction material and techniques have all had an importance role in the development of infrastructures. Building environment which bear no visible human marks are rare- the realm of oceans, the poles, deserts, mountain summits. 

Nepalese traditions, cultures and environment are so unique and intricate that the buildings, cottage and Nepalese tradition, monuments, places are made in such a way which are measured from different aesthetic point of view which shows the beautiful, perfection of the model design of the building and monuments. 

From the Malla's period, there are many infrastructures found in Nepal which has more importance in its own as well as value from tourism point of view. Mostly in Kathmandu valley, there are many cultural and religious places which have their link with traditions and from different cultural aspects of life. The society is a mixed community residing in Kathmandu Valley with inclusive which they believe in their tradition and religion and as Valley is famous for the temples of God and Goddesses which is a living aspect of people. 

History itself introduce of the building techniques, materials from mud to clay to brick or timber to plank to timber joist. Local studies should be carried out to understand the meaning and terms of different construction material and techniques which are used in different buildings, monuments, temples which are used for built purposes for human benefits and a place for understanding its presence. 

While the prospects of building construction and material are quite good for judgment, history is reassuring. It appears that there are human and technological factors which are identify with successful societal accomplishments. There have been the adaptations in the construction material and techniques which are exemplary. In addition there has developed an extensive way of knowledge on the environment which is fundamental to human and design based upon objective principles-it is a challenge and an architect concept on construction material and techniques.

The historic timeline may be a useful outline and reference for those interested in correlating the historic development of various components of the construction material and techniques which are used in local built environment.

The appearance of New Dynasty, The Mallas , at the beginning of the 13th century. stone inscriptions or Silapatras, and copper plaques or Tamapatras, while recording the construction of buildings and sculptures, given a relatively precise pictures of the development during this period. under the rule of the mallas a period of relatively stability began, lasting almost 600 years. the concept of built of Malla house was based upon the locally available of materials and the craftsmanship.

The complete turning away from traditional form and architectural style as well as the traditional building materials had a marked effect on the continuity of traditional architecture and on the producers and users of traditional materials, such as the brick makers, brick layers, and carvers.

 A characteristic and universal features of this kind of design is the vertical room arrangement which is not the dependent on the size of the houses. Due to security reason, and the need to use as little irrigable land for building purpose, causes the Malla house to be vertically orientated. Generally it is three storeyed, but two-storeyed houses occur and four-storeys in the centre of town. 

The uniform depth facilitates the building of additional houses on to existing ones, to form block of houses. the extension were of equal height, the depth being determined by that of the main house and  the aim of each family and every clan seems to have been the building of one single house around one courtyard or chowk, providing them with both the security and privacy.

If the chowk is surrounded by one large unit, only the vertical utilization of space still applies, as in smaller units. different staircases, generally located in the corners, lead to separate room clusters, which due to the symmetry facade , are not distinguished from the outside. as the size, location and heating facilities of the rooms impose certain limitation on their use, the courtyard becomes a vital component of the house itself. in short, it is a multi-purpose area, useful for most of the daily activities of the occupants.

Thus, buildings in the so-called the most typical living buildings) represent the craft and architecture of the cultural renaissance of the Malla period, which began around the beginning of the 15th century and survived the beginning of shah period but rapidly faded during the Rana period(1845-1951 A.D).

IMPORTANCE OF MALLA HOUSE

• The houses are constructed of brick, and are three or four storeys high.
• The Malla houses apartment are not lofty.
• The Malla have door and windows of wood, well worked and arranged with great regularity.
• The dwellings have not changed much either.
• 3-storeys with a pitched roof and of common materials such as burnt brick and timber.
• Brick may be of sun-dried rough and simply baked, others may be carefully burnt for specific purposes, others again have especially smooth surfaces and are polished before firing.
• Distinguishing features-may be the ornately carved doors and windows, of which the crowning achievement is the large living room window or Sajhya facing the street from the second or third floor.
• Symmetry is the aim in the design of the Facade.
• The entrance door is barred with two massive wooden planks.
• The windows are generally closed by fine wooden lattice work.
• Sajhya window in the main living room is for the communication to the street.
• Some typical malla house/newar house, the 3rd floor is generally an attic directly under the roof which is mainly used as the kitchen and eating room. 
• The ground floor is never used as a living area,as among other reasons, it offered no protection against dampness.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUES

Different kinds of materials are used to build Malla house”.  Locally available material are used in house as well as the majority portion of timber, brick and mud are used to build this kind of infrastructures. Overall concept of roof was greatly designed by use of timber, properly settled posture. 

The traditional built of those kind of houses are specially built by mud, brick and timber. Foundations of the Malla house are strong by stone as well as brick for maintaining strength. The building techniques are interesting to see and observe. Rope are used for settled posture of roof, with the use of timber overall on that roof from the height level to roof level.

Actually Malla house are made by burned brick, mud and from such material which are used for building prospects. the material and techniques surely maintained by craftsmen or such designers who make such historic importance infrastructures which not only represents Newari culture but also represents its design, material aspects and a place for heritage conservation of Nepali traditions and our country Nepal. 

The techniques are very good and a measurable concept on that time where it’s much more difficult to adjust all that kind of beam, joist, timber (wooden beam/rafter) and column to its built figure. The techniques to stand the building like these kinds of typical houses or other such related works are quite tough and hard to stand for its roof from the sub structure to super structure level to maintain properly in a desired shape. 

MATERIAL USED

1. Stone: for foundation work

2. Brick: for wall posture

3. Mud (clay)

4. Wood (timber)

5. Burned brick: for wall 

 6. Tiles (tali): roof purpose

7. Jhingati

The Purbanchal University offers different project work as a part of M.Sc. Urban Design and Conservation Curriculum. The main objective of this project work is to provide the opportunity for the students to study and analyze field related problems.

This project report “Malla House” would be a helpful guideline for implementing the Newar tradition and building design aspects.This report would also help to understand, share and explore knowledge of the traditional architecture of the Kathmandu valley. 

What's Wrong with Inequality?

"Inequality concerns persisting and widespread disparities among the resources available for people to sustain themselves and their families in secure and healthy ways, to make adequate provision for their old age, to take advantage of amenities beyond bare subsistence, to participate in political or community affairs, to engage in volunteer activities, and to pursue valued long-term goals such as succeeding in their occupations or developing talents. 

The contrast is a social ideal where, as several political philosophers conceive of it, distribution of resources is sufficient for everyone to have realistic a chance of leading a meaningful, satisfying, or happy life.

Now, reasons for concern over the large and growing inequalities in Nepal, as elsewhere, will be given.

An even more dramatic case could be made by comparing wealth as well as in-come, including such things as real estate, stocks, and savings. 

The present condition delivers a statement of weak economy and lacking of judgement and unstable government which may become one of the main reason which leads the failure of economy in Nepal.

Besides their are many challenges, country is facing day by day with political derangement; lack of decision makers by bureaucrats, industrialist, traders, private sectors, social sectors; moral ground zero, political inability, failure of stable government, unrest, federal democratic issues relating to the overall development of Infrastructures, load shedding, strategies of foreign policy and affairs and the industrial sustainability with unemployment reasons. 

The mandate which gave for the new constitution was been delayed for its sustainability due to more crowded people in assembly which created many problems in the case of economic development, border security, Infrastructure development, equal access and equality. 

Due to the statement by the top leaders from different parties- for new constitution, is quite unfair for all the people living in the country with disparities issues which should have been addressed right now before having more issues and unstable in the coming future.

Instead, the intellectuals, for the most part, accepted the findings and reacted to them by complaining that reversing the trend would require socialistic state interference with market forces. 

A theme running through the critical reactions was that nobody has grounds for objection to growing income disparities as long as the worst off are no worse off than they had been earlier.  It was never been proven assumption that ballooning income of the rich is a central cause of economic growth (rather than being made possible by growth, which has other origins). 

The situation outcomes is quite disturbing facts that our economical and status is more unsustainable with our SAARC region and more vulnerable situation in front International bodies being in the middle of developing countries both with economic sustainability India and China. 

The lack of complete form of decisions, poor maturity in strategies and policies, lack of future oriented decisions, unemployment, lack of team dynamics and knowledge sharing, and lack of addressing national level agendas  for overall developments and national security.

Cities, regions, states (federal democratic situation of Nepal), and other public face a multitude of problems common to all their members, ranging from meeting subsistence needs to the provision of cultural amenities, the deployment and containment of technology, and, as is now generally recognized with justified alarm, confronting environmental challenges local issues, political disparities and stable government with constitution. 

Public are not homogeneous and may include groups with conflicting interests, but the problems they face are common to all their members, and they call for collective action to be addressed effectively.

Dewey persuasively argued that a democratically organized public is essential for meeting problems collectively and that recognition by people that they are members of a common public is necessary for effective democratic action. 

Only when people see that, despite their differences, they are “in the same boat” with respect to overriding problems — retrieving a sustainable environment, meeting energy needs safely, addressing problems of urban sprawl and crime, preserving farm lands and green spaces, strengthening education to meet the needs of a sophisticated world, and other challenges — will they act together to keep this boat a float.

Inequalities of the magnitude, we see in this Nation are unsolved matters which inhibit the development and functioning of a public welfare in Nepal in the following ways:

•   Economic gap:  

We know that from the very beginning, the traditional structure is much more responsible to create a disturbance regarding rich and poor issues which is one of the biggest threat for the societies in current market price, which is more difficult to sustain lives. 

This creates two public — one primarily concerned with making ends meet and trying to maintain a tolerable lifestyle; the other focused on keeping and enhancing its wealth by such measures as reducing its taxes and avoiding constraining government regulations.

•   Resources for addressing problems:

The accelerating disparity in Nepali incomes was largely made possible by agriculture developments and remittance, resulting in reduced social-economic services that greatly diminished the availability of public resources required to address common problems. Not only does this affect the potential for public action in the face of these problems, but it also demoralizes people and leads them to give up on collective action.

•   People became beggars: 

A consequence of reduced resources for public services is that the charity of the rich must increasingly be relied on. One effect of this is that their priorities get privileged attention. 

Throughout in our country, for example, one finds business schools much better funded from private sources than student residences or physical infrastructures. 

Perhaps more pernicious is that the need to cater to the wealthy to sustain essential public services defines the latter not as rights but as privileges conferred by a minority of the population as they see fit. 

This is not a situation conducive to nurturing a sense that we are all members of a common public. The rise in market price of the needy things makes us beggar in comparison with the dream perceived by the political leaders to sustain our lives in rise in economy with employment features.

•   Inequalities foster elitism and resentment: 

A common right-wing allegation is that people who are not rich are jealous of those who are and that this is the origin of pro-equality thinking. At odds with this perspective is that those who do well as a result of their own hard work typically are not resented. 

Negative attitudes enter the picture when people are well off through no effort of their own but due to inheritance or when large income hikes are given to already rich executives based, not on their merits, but just on their ability to unilaterally raise their own salaries, or when the amounts of wealth in question are obscenely high.  

These circumstances often prompt resentment.  Meanwhile, many of the rich come to see their wealth as signs of their superiority. 

Though public are not the same thing as communities, where everyone shares values and see each other as friends, they still require a certain level of mutual respect in order to take common actions. Resentment and elitism are not conducive to mutual respect.

•   Gross inequalities are part of a culture of possessive individualism: 

An alternative to resenting great wealth is aspiring to it as a main goal of life. This is a component of what the political philosopher called “possessive individualism,” which referred to a culture where people value each other and themselves in terms of how much they possess and think of their possessions and even of their own talents as private property.

The contrasting culture is one where people aim to develop their talents in cooperation with one another and see themselves as trustees of their possessions and abilities, rather than as their private owners. 

That is, they try to use their possessions and talents in ways beneficial to others, including future generations. 

Public action in a society dominated by a possessive-individualist culture is motivated by self-interested calculations, which is a shaky foundation at best for maintaining a vibrant public. 

In a society where wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few, its possession comes to be depicted as the goal of a meaningful life, thus reinforcing a possessive-individualist culture.

•   Inequality is an enemy of democracy:   

Public exist in democratic societies. While citizens of an officially undemocratic state, that is, an autocracy, face common problems, they lack the ability to take collective action to address them. 

The result is harmful to public spirit, since people understand themselves to be politically impotent and are accordingly demoralized. 

As a society begins to contain significant inequalities, it also begins to resemble an autocracy, despite still possessing the formal markings of a democracy.  

Political equality — one person, one vote — is essential to a democracy, but if money can determine for whom one is able to vote (by financing political parties and election campaigns) and can dictate limits on what representatives can actually do once elected no matter what their promises (due to threatened removal of personal or corporate support), understandable cynicism about democratic processes results and, with it, the weakening of public commitment. 

Inequalities also impede local and informal democracy. The differences of agendas between the rich and the rest, attitudes of elitism and resentment, and possessive individualism inhibit the development of workplace democracy or inclusive community activities.

Nobody in Nepal need, or should, face destitution. But beyond this, all should have available to them decent places to live, education, health and sanitation, respire,  employment , and other such basics which will help to sustain the daily life with peace and security.

The traditional structure of Nepal which was a reform of development region should be decentralized in order to fulfill the gap of inequality in the different sectors which has created this kind of disorders and creating many problems from the grass root level. 

There are many things which should be addressed to configure the overall structure of geographical, economical, political and weaker economy- with rise in economics, with development of Infrastructures, investment security, industrialization, ability to sustain trade, moral ground, changing the traditional taxation into new form, public private partnership with advantage to government policy, reforming new trade policy, foreign-affair policy , legal process of nation policy, improving the management of human resources, improving the quality of regulation, catalytic-steering rather than rowing, empowering rather than serving, competitive, mission-driven, strict rules and law to sustain peace, security and services, result-oriented, anticipatory, market-oriented and decentralized government from hierarchy to participation.

The social impacts caused the rise of Maoist which created many threats and disturbances in past 12 years, which destroyed the economical status of country along with many of the Industrialist, traders, opportunist and some leaders, today repeating the same things here with in the name of caste and religion group and such revolutionary forces,which is collapsing our status in front of Internationals and due to lack of decision makers, being in the middle of the India and China, we are far behind to accelerate economical development in our country, which directly links that we lacks morality with strong decisions as well as lack strong foreign policy to form a stable government. 

Financial bodies are indispensable factor for any productive sector in order to reform the economy of the world. But in context of Nepal, it lacks many things which don’t have any clear cut vision for development of region, cities and urban form. 

The old patterns should be modified for the new federal position to develop the nation, by finding the real cause and sustaining for the future to make rise in economical growth with Infrastructure developments creating with many opportunities for employment and investment security with capable information and competing with the international markets. 

Nepal is rich in different resources, culture, art and craft, heritage with the highest peaks and rich in water resources, but due to lack of manpower and equipment needed to developed, facing critical problem as well as due to international  by pressuring our so called leaders, the resources are in waste and again due to interfere by west  neighboring country , Nepal is facing poor status due to open border with criminal activities and failure in economy. 

Though it mostly depends upon the leaders to judge, but due to lack of morality and failure of addressing national agendas, our country day by day is in the way to slavery, and this kind of inequality remains intact if we do not start thinking from today, to make our country status rise by developing national economy with social unity, employment, security with stable governments and strong foreign affair policy with legal management with constitutional framework.

Investment is not a constraint to growth, it is the lack of visionary and determined leadership, and prolonged transition with increasing political instability are detrimental factors to economic development in Nepal".

Note: This is just the Draft Version and final editing is going on.

Achievements/ Recognition of the Hard work

"Education and Skills"

M.Sc. Urban Design and Conservation  (Master's Thesis: Urban Design and Pedestrian Behavior)
Bachelor in Civil Engineering (Rural Infrastructure Engineering/ Urban & Regional Planning)
Diploma in Computer  Application
Diploma in Legal Studies
Introduction to Contract in Law
Diploma in EU Public Procurement
Diploma in Project Management
Government Economic Policy

• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Fundamentals of Climate Change", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA)", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.  
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Investment Planning toward Low Emissions Development", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank. 
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Saving Energy Through Energy Savings Performance Contracts", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course"Introduction to Social Accountability", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Gender Equality and Energy", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Education Staff Development Program: Early Childhood Development for Policymakers and Practitioners", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Sustainable Urban Land Use Planning", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Introduction to Disaster Risk Management", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank. 
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Integrated Urban Transport Planning", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Designing and Implementing Successful Water Supply and Sanitation Utility Reform", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed the 5 weeks training course "Sustainable Agricultural Land Management Projects: Soil Carbon Monitoring", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank. 
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Safe and Resilient Cities", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Urban Crime and Violence Prevention", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Leadership: Identity, Influence and Power (Lead)", Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Open Universities, Australia.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Climate Change", Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Negotiation and Conflict Resolution", Macquarie Graduate School of Management; Open Universities, Australia.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Parliaments in Fragile States", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Principles of Project Management", Polytechnic West; Open Universities, Australia.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the training course on “Diploma in Legal Studies” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the training course  on “Diploma in EU Public Procurement” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
• 
  
• Successfully passed the training course on “Diploma in Project Management” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the training course  on “Introduction to Contract in Law” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the training course on “Government Economic Policy” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the training course  on “Risk Management- Managing Property and Liability Risk” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course  on “Introduction to Time Management” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Parliaments and Anti-Corruption", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
• 
  
• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "People, Politics and Change", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Contemporary Issues in Ocean Governance", University of Wollongong, Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Early Childhood Education", Gowrie Victoria; Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Emergency Management", Massey University; Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Financial Literacy", Macquarie University, Sydney coordination with Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Financial Planning", Tafe Sydney coordination with Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Foundation of Psychology", RMIT University coordination with Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Indigenous Studies: Australia and New Zealand", Massey University/ University of Tasmania through Open Universities Australia. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Management for a Competitive Edge", International College of Management Studies; Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Becoming a Confident Trainer", Tafesa, Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the "Health and Safety Authority online course: Safety and Health in Construction -Third Level" from hsalearning, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the "Health and Safety Authority online course" Construction Safety: The Safety Management Pack (SMP20), from hsalearning, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Sociology", Western Sydney University through Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Teaching Adult Learners", Central Institute of Technology through Open universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Water in a Thirsty World", Open2Study, Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks  training course "Introduction to Business in Asia", Griffith University through Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed the course in "Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) General Induction" for Construction Work in Melamchi Diversion Scheme-MDS/DT/02.
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• 1-year training course "Diploma in Computer Application", LCC InfoTech, Biratnagar, Nepal.
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• Short-course on Special studies in Urban Studies and Planning: Economic Development Planning Skills from MIT Open Courseware, 2015.
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• Short-course on Planning for Sustainable development from MIT Open Courseware, 2015. 
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• Workshop conducted by Ministry of Urban Development, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal on preparation of National Urban Development Strategy (NUDS), 2015. 
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• Workshop on Sustainable Urban Design of Kathmandu Valley, Dr. Mohan Moorti Pant, Khwopa Engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal, 2014.
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• Workshop on “Sustainable Architecture of Kathmandu Valley”, Dr. Rohit Ranjitkar, Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT), Patan, Lalitpur, Nepal, 2015.
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• Seminar on “Urban and Regional Development” conducted by Khwopa Engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
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• Successfully completed and passed the short-course on “Strategic Planning” from HP Life e-Learning.
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• Successfully completed and passed the short-course on “Effective Leadership” from HP Life e-Learning.
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• Workshop for the topic " Transplanting Urban Design of Bhaktapur into Newari Settlement of Bandipur", Dr. Bijaya Krishna Shrestha; Khwopa engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
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• Knowledge and understanding of theories, concepts and approaches relevant to particular sector, functional area or other specialized field.
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• Specialties: Urban Governance, Policy Analysis, Strategies & Planning, Economics,Urban Growth Management; Investment Planning & Debt Management; Climate change mitigation & Sustainable Development; Conservation planning, Perception mapping and Knowledge assessment.
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• Academic Research work 

1. Urban & Regional Planning; 
2. Documentation for Traditional Building and Heritage Conservation; 
3. Design Studio work for Conservation; 
4. Construction Technology and Material (Conservation work); 
5. Disaster Management and Urban Development; 
6. Archaeological Settlement of Lumbini and its surrounding Territory 
7. Urban Design Principle & Process; 
8. Detail study of Traditional fabric of Bhaktapur and Patan (Kathmandu Valley); 
9. Urban Area Expansion of Kathmandu; 
10. Detailed study on Structural Analysis of a Governmental Building, Kathmandu;
11. Neighbourhood Structure: Buddhanagar, Kathmandu, Nepal; 
12. Urban Governance 
13. Urban Infrastructure Financing in Nepal 
14. Remedies for Traffic condition in Kathmandu Valley
15. Major problems of Urban Environment and Development in Nepal
16. Communication Management in Project Management
17. Ghandruk Village Profile: A study of Cultural Management.
18. Urban Re-development pattern: A study of Jadibuti Node, Kathmandu Valley.( Urban Design Studio work)
19. Conservation Design Studio: Adaptive Re-use of Traditional Residential Dwelling
20. Paper on: Cost Analysis and Revenue Generation, a PPP model
21. Urbanization in context of Nepal
22. Octagonal Pavilion: A case study of "Sital Pati", Palpa, Tansen, Nepal.
23. Documentation of Traditional Residential Dwelling, Dhokasi, Patan, Lalitpur, Nepal
24. Paper presentation on "Phalcha and Sattal", A study of Bhaktapur, Nepal
25. Presentation on Poverty Alleviation
26. Disaster Risk Management: "Earthquake Rescue and Relief"
27. Analysis of Body Posture of a Child

• Ongoing Research:

1. Urban informal Settlements
2. Damage Assessment
3. Others as well.

 Passing Score for 

                              :World Bank Course -80% 
                              : ALISON (Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online) -80% 
                              : Open Universities Australia is minimum 60% in overall module
                              : For Health and Safety Authority online course, passing score 80% 
                              : For others, the course depends upon class hour but passing score 80%

Barriers to Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

Given the cross-cutting nature of climate change as a policy issue, decisions over which mitigation and adaptation measures to adopt will be determined by the social, economic and political circumstances in individual cities and guided by the weight given to climate change concerns, rather than any absolute evaluation of their effectiveness.

There are multiple drivers and potential barriers to both mitigation and adaptation and the smart option is to recognize that climate change is here and inaction now will lead to higher costs in the future. Some of those barriers are detailed below.

1. Uncertainty about the nature and extent of climate change and its impacts.
2. The complexity and challenges of climate change impacts, adaptation needs and the reality of reducing emissions are often more challenging than anticipated.
3. Lack of consensus around certain issues, both in terms of evidence and potential solutions.
4. Lack of awareness among stakeholders.
5. The short planning horizons of many stakeholders compared to those of climate change.
6. Resource constraints and perception of additional costs of mitigation and adaptation.
7. Lack of maturity of certain markets for goods and services to support adaptation.
8.  Dependency on regulations, codes and standards, which do not yet reflect anticipated climatic conditions or current good practice.
9. The perception that the business case for adaptation has not been proven in some sectors.
10. Lack of senior management buy in and/or political support for mitigation and adaptation responses.
11. Lack of awareness and in-house expertise.
12. Organizational and professional inertia leading to inflexibility and resistance to change.
13. Difficulties associated with changing the behavior of individuals.
14. Lack of joined up policy within and between different levels of decision making (national, regional and local levels).

Useful Links: 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcXBYfhsrjE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDcGz1iVm6U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSDCU4Gy_2U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6UF9i7yllM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnUXqhMS2bo

Challenges to Socially Equitable Land Use Management

For decades, modernistic planning traditions have imposed zoning ordinances in developing countries that were designed for European towns. 

The development standards were not affordable to the poor and enforcement was unrealistic. Additionally, middle- and higher-income groups used planning as a way of maintaining their property values and excluding “less desirable” low-income residents, ethnic minorities and traders from their areas. 

Consequently, such a top-down planning approach failed to accommodate the needs of the majority of residents in rapidly growing and largely poor informal cities and contributed to urban poverty and socio-spatial marginalization. 

Unfortunately, modernistic planning remains the dominant form of planning in most parts of the world. Limitations of conventional approaches to address urban poverty include:

1. Slum clearance and relocation, which sees slums as visually unacceptable in their plans for modernization. 
2. Slums were demolished and their residents were provided land, in some cases housing, at the periphery of the city. 
3. The crucial dependence slum dwellers had on their livelihood opportunities at their earlier locations within the city was ignored. 
4. Many slum dwellers have moved back to the city to resume their earlier work.
5. Public housing provided as a state responsibility. 
6. This has proved to be expensive and is being gradually abandoned since governments lack the resources to provide housing for the vast number of slum dwellers.
7. Land use policies and regulations, such as low floor area ratio (FAR) and rent control legislation, have restricted the supply of land and housing for the urban poor, e.g., in Lahore, Dhaka and Mumbai.
8. Piecemeal upgrading through multiple agencies has provided secure tenure, housing or basic services in selected high-profile slum pockets prior to election times. 
9. Lack of a comprehensive strategy that is not sustained politically has wasted resources. Granting of title to land has usually not taken into account renters, other informal tenure arrangements in slums, non-family slum units and women as head of households. 
10. The excluded sections of slum communities have either established new slums or enlarged existing ones.

Why is disaster prevention important?

The occurrence of extreme catastrophic events can be sudden, quick and unpredictable. 

However, the recurrences of minor disaster events that cause enormous losses in human lives and economic assets over a long period of time are abetted by changing patterns of land use, especially deforestation, poorly planned development and the increasing concentration of people and capital in vulnerable areas (for example, in the coastal regions exposed to windstorms, in the fertile river basins exposed to floods, and in urban areas exposed to earthquakes. 

Disaster vulnerability is enhanced by an overburdened urban infrastructure, urban and rural poverty, and overuse of environmental resources. Prevention of such disasters is possible if we rethink the way we live and use our resources. 

Several factors contribute to any disaster, some less obvious than others. For example, the immediate cause of a bridge or building collapse may be a mud slide, though poor design or construction, or unsafe siting may be the reasons. 

The mudslide itself may have been caused by denuded hillsides that increased sediment flow that the bridge could not withstand and the denuded hillsides may be due to poor communities that are struggling to survive on forest produce. 

Symptoms are easily and often mistaken for the cause. Likewise, disaster prevention requires many actions, but they are not always obvious. 

For example, improving the public delivery of some services like reliable public transport, allows people to move from unsafe areas close to work to safer locations. 

Reducing deforestation prevents heavy rains from washing mud, rock, and debris into populated areas. Disaster prevention measures are in fact basic sustainable development measures.

Focusing on 3R is the most for disaster management:

Relief, Recovery and Reconstruction but not enough on prevention and preparedness only. 

Hence, a successful policy response for effective prevention includes information, interventions and infrastructure. Underpinning this policy response is the role of institutions without which any policy response would be ineffectual. 

Pre-event risk management for natural disasters is a planned and structured approach that aims at:

• Risk identification and assessment: identifying and prioritizing vulnerable areas and populations through advanced information systems,
• Risk Control:  Risk mitigation: reducing the intensity and frequency of the peril and the potential losses through interventions and infrastructure development, and Risk transfer: transferring or spreading the risks through innovative institutions to lessen the burden on the victims and to facilitate the recovery process.

Helpful Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_kWv6bPF3A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxp6R1D2Kng
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX69NT_sH9E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0yMRwv_kxs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9vuQwQkwAI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcXBYfhsrjE