"Social Accountability"

"Social accountability encompasses a broad array of methods and practices. These practices may be initiated by a wide range of actors (citizens, CSO's, communities, government agencies, parliamentarians or media), use diverse strategies (research, monitoring, planning, civic education, media coverage, coalition building), employ formal and informal sanctions, and vary according to the extent to which they are institutionalized, independent and collaborative.

Social accountability can be enhanced ex ante through citizen and civil society participation in formulating public policies and plans. 

Examples include participatory policy-making (for example, the participatory formulation of poverty reduction strategies) and participatory development planning. 

In many countries, civil society actors also play a key role in reviewing, critiquing, and building public awareness about policies and plans in key areas such as gender equity, environmental protection, youth, employment and social services. Such activities can be initiated by either government or civil society. 

Ideally, government actors proactively seek citizen input and draw on the wide variety of existing tools—such as local issue fora, study circles, deliberative polling and consensus conferences—to ensure transparent, inclusive and effective public participation and deliberation. 

Citizen involvement in preparing and analyzing public budgets is another important category of social accountability practices. 

Common examples of budget-related social accountability practices include efforts by civil society to analyze the impact and implications of budget allocations, demystify the technical content of the budget, raise awareness about budget-related issues, point out discrepancies between government policy priorities and resource allocations, and undertake public education campaigns to improve budget literacy. 

Such initiatives can be introduced by government, as in the case of participatory budgeting in over 200 municipalities in Brazil (Wagle and Shah 2003a), or undertaken independently by civil society, as in the case of South Africa’s women’s budget or Canada’s alternative federal budget (Loxley, undated). 

An important aspect of social accountability is for citizens to be able to hold government accountable for how it handles public funds. An increasing number of local governments, for example, now publicly announce, post or disseminate information about accounts and expenditures. Public expenditure tracking surveys can be used to monitor the flow of financial or physical resources and identify leakages and/or bottlenecks in the system. 

This approach often involves the comparison of information received from disbursement records of finance ministries, accounts submitted by line agencies and information obtained from independent enquiry by using tools like social audits. Information is disseminated through the use of media, publications and public meetings. The participatory tracking of primary education expenditures in Uganda (Wagle and Shah, 2003) and the social audit techniques used under Bolivia’s social monitoring initiative are examples of this approach.

Another category of social accountability practices seek accountability with regard to the relevance, accessibility and quality of public goods and services. Typically this involves citizen participation in the monitoring and evaluation of priority services using indicators that citizens themselves have developed. 

Public opinion polls, public hearings or citizens’ report cards are used to solicit citizen feedback that can be disseminated and presented to government officials to demand accountability and lobby for change (Paul 2002, Ravindra 2004, and World Bank 2001). 

Community scorecards allow both users and service providers to independently evaluate public services, and then come together to share their findings, discuss problems and seek solutions (Dedu and Kajubi 2005). 

Early experience has shown that each of these methods has the potential to produce significant operational results (e.g., improved performance, the introduction of corrective measures) as well as process outcomes (e.g., institutional and behavioral changes).

A final category of social accountability practices are those that aim to improve public oversight. Such practices can involve the creation of independent citizen oversight committees or watchdog groups and/or forms of civic engagement that aim to enhance the effectiveness of existing oversight mechanisms. 

For example, CSOs play an intermediary or facilitating role between citizens and government such as an ombudsman or anti-corruption commission, citizen/community membership on school or hospital boards, or open up the work of parliamentary or other internal oversight committees to public participation or scrutiny".

(Source: 5 Weeks training course "An Introduction to Social Accountability", World Bank)
Video Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxovXWexXtk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9UACb2vIMM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqnH1rOH990
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zrplobmq4g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIRuDHSt9ws
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7Ukwi55U7g

Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course “Introduction to Social Accountability", 

The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.

Social Accountability Framework
Image Source: Google 

This is only for your information that there is a n organization who can provide a platform to upgrade your skills and knowledge of understanding: World Bank Group

You can have a good score if you upgrade your ability  and manage your time for these kinds of course

"Debt Management Performance Assessment" (DeMPA)

"Debt Management Performance Assessment is a methodology for assessing performance through a comprehensive set of  'Debt Management Performance Indicators (DPI's), spanning the full range of government debt management functions". These broad government debt management functions are:

1. Governance and Strategy Development
2. Coordination with Macroeconomic Policies
3. Borrowing and Related Financing Activities
4. Cash Flow Forecasting and Cash Balance Management
5. Operational Risk Management
6. Debt Records and Reporting.

Debt Management Performance Assessment is based on the principles set out in the World Bank-International Monetary Fund Guidelines for Public Debt Management (2001, 2014). 

The indicator set is intended to be an internationally recognized standard in the government debt management field and may be applied in all developing countries.

Debt Management Performance Assessment  is modeled after the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) indicators. It is a more comprehensive assessment of government debt management than Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability. 

The two frameworks are complementary: the Debt Management Performance Assessment can be used to undertake a detailed assessment of the underlying factors leading to poor 'Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability  ratings in the area of debt management; 

Alternatively, if the Debt Management Performance Assessment' exercise precedes a Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability assessment, the latter can use the Debt Management Performance Assessment  results to inform its assessment of the relevant indicators. Notably, a DeMPA for sub-national governments has also been developed and is being applied.

The objectives of the Debt Management Performance Assessment tool are to:

• Assess public debt management performance capacity.
• Monitor performance over time through repeated assessments.
• Enable design of debt management reform program.
• Foster donor harmonization based on common understanding of priorities.

(Source:  5 weeks training course "Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA), an understanding of knowledge, World Bank Group)

In an emerging urban form of cities, traditional core is often found to be declining in terms of quality of life – as opposed to new communities in the outlying areas. Discuss growth management strategies and instruments by which you can prevent this decline?

Growth management, by contrast, seeks to preserve public goods, improve social equity and minimize adverse impacts of development while still accommodating new housing and economic growth. 

Such programs often involve a package of tools such as zoning, comprehensive plans, subdivision regulations, development fees and exaction, and infrastructure investments and are sometimes described as growth controls, growth management strategies, or sustainable development. 

Despite these efforts' increasing popularity, some observers are concerned that such efforts adversely affect land and housing markets and lead to problems of housing affordability which will directly affect the traditional core to be in declining in terms of quality of life as opposed to new communities in the outlying areas. 

The focus of this work is to determine appropriate strategies that can help to achieve a greater degree of community sustainability. One construct for community sustainability is the three “E’s” – Environment, Equity, and Economics. 

All three must work together to create a truly sustainable community, e.g., a job is an important part of quality of life, and further, access to Employment by all members of the community is important.

The growth management strategies by which we can prevent this decline in traditional core are enlisted below:

1. Development

A more common purpose is to achieve a balance between the amount of growth and the ability to provide the transportation, energy, water and waste disposal, public safety, education, public health, and other services needed by human populations. Development can be metered out so that a community can maintain its ability to provide adequate services and to avoid some of the negative effects of boom and bust development cycles which can strain a community’s ability to just absorb the sheer amount of change. 

2. Growth externalizes

Growth externalizes is directly linked with transportation and urban form. Due to technological innovation, the central cities which has its core area, people began to shifting in peripheral locations. As we see in the Peter.o. Muller article , when the railway corridor was developed in US, the people who are living in traditional core shifted as the shiftment of industries from the core area. As i explained above,- that for community sustainability is the three “E’s” – Environment, Equity, and Economics. All three must work together to create a truly sustainable community, if these don’t work together, there are such affect which will destroy the traditional core.

3. Equality in the quality of life 

Enrique Penalosa also focused on equality in the quality of life, and this clearly defines if there is a provision of equity on basic services and amenities to poor citizens then the central cities with traditional settlement can be preserved. 

The main urban growth management strategies to control the city from declining is that, there should be the provision of equal access and physical infrastructure development. To create an employment, with services and facilities needed in that society- there should be an important tool that- local governments have to direct growth is their expenditures for capital improvements, e.g., streets, parks, and schools. Linking those expenditures to the vision created in a comprehensive or area plan can be a powerful motivator for private investment consistent with the vision to preserve the traditional core with its historical identities.

References:

Why cities must build equality: Enrique Penalosa

Transportation and urban form (stages in the spatial evolution of the American metropolis): Peter.o.Muller

American Journal

Construction Technology and Material of "Malla House"

The construction material and techniques have all had an importance role in the development of infrastructures. Building environment which bear no visible human marks are rare- the realm of oceans, the poles, deserts, mountain summits. 

Nepalese traditions, cultures and environment are so unique and intricate that the buildings, cottage and Nepalese tradition, monuments, places are made in such a way which are measured from different aesthetic point of view which shows the beautiful, perfection of the model design of the building and monuments. 

From the Malla's period, there are many infrastructures found in Nepal which has more importance in its own as well as value from tourism point of view. Mostly in Kathmandu valley, there are many cultural and religious places which have their link with traditions and from different cultural aspects of life. The society is a mixed community residing in Kathmandu Valley with inclusive which they believe in their tradition and religion and as Valley is famous for the temples of God and Goddesses which is a living aspect of people. 

History itself introduce of the building techniques, materials from mud to clay to brick or timber to plank to timber joist. Local studies should be carried out to understand the meaning and terms of different construction material and techniques which are used in different buildings, monuments, temples which are used for built purposes for human benefits and a place for understanding its presence. 

While the prospects of building construction and material are quite good for judgment, history is reassuring. It appears that there are human and technological factors which are identify with successful societal accomplishments. There have been the adaptations in the construction material and techniques which are exemplary. In addition there has developed an extensive way of knowledge on the environment which is fundamental to human and design based upon objective principles-it is a challenge and an architect concept on construction material and techniques.

The historic timeline may be a useful outline and reference for those interested in correlating the historic development of various components of the construction material and techniques which are used in local built environment.

The appearance of New Dynasty, The Mallas , at the beginning of the 13th century. stone inscriptions or Silapatras, and copper plaques or Tamapatras, while recording the construction of buildings and sculptures, given a relatively precise pictures of the development during this period. under the rule of the mallas a period of relatively stability began, lasting almost 600 years. the concept of built of Malla house was based upon the locally available of materials and the craftsmanship.

The complete turning away from traditional form and architectural style as well as the traditional building materials had a marked effect on the continuity of traditional architecture and on the producers and users of traditional materials, such as the brick makers, brick layers, and carvers.

 A characteristic and universal features of this kind of design is the vertical room arrangement which is not the dependent on the size of the houses. Due to security reason, and the need to use as little irrigable land for building purpose, causes the Malla house to be vertically orientated. Generally it is three storeyed, but two-storeyed houses occur and four-storeys in the centre of town. 

The uniform depth facilitates the building of additional houses on to existing ones, to form block of houses. the extension were of equal height, the depth being determined by that of the main house and  the aim of each family and every clan seems to have been the building of one single house around one courtyard or chowk, providing them with both the security and privacy.

If the chowk is surrounded by one large unit, only the vertical utilization of space still applies, as in smaller units. different staircases, generally located in the corners, lead to separate room clusters, which due to the symmetry facade , are not distinguished from the outside. as the size, location and heating facilities of the rooms impose certain limitation on their use, the courtyard becomes a vital component of the house itself. in short, it is a multi-purpose area, useful for most of the daily activities of the occupants.

Thus, buildings in the so-called the most typical living buildings) represent the craft and architecture of the cultural renaissance of the Malla period, which began around the beginning of the 15th century and survived the beginning of shah period but rapidly faded during the Rana period(1845-1951 A.D).

IMPORTANCE OF MALLA HOUSE

• The houses are constructed of brick, and are three or four storeys high.
• The Malla houses apartment are not lofty.
• The Malla have door and windows of wood, well worked and arranged with great regularity.
• The dwellings have not changed much either.
• 3-storeys with a pitched roof and of common materials such as burnt brick and timber.
• Brick may be of sun-dried rough and simply baked, others may be carefully burnt for specific purposes, others again have especially smooth surfaces and are polished before firing.
• Distinguishing features-may be the ornately carved doors and windows, of which the crowning achievement is the large living room window or Sajhya facing the street from the second or third floor.
• Symmetry is the aim in the design of the Facade.
• The entrance door is barred with two massive wooden planks.
• The windows are generally closed by fine wooden lattice work.
• Sajhya window in the main living room is for the communication to the street.
• Some typical malla house/newar house, the 3rd floor is generally an attic directly under the roof which is mainly used as the kitchen and eating room. 
• The ground floor is never used as a living area,as among other reasons, it offered no protection against dampness.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUES

Different kinds of materials are used to build Malla house”.  Locally available material are used in house as well as the majority portion of timber, brick and mud are used to build this kind of infrastructures. Overall concept of roof was greatly designed by use of timber, properly settled posture. 

The traditional built of those kind of houses are specially built by mud, brick and timber. Foundations of the Malla house are strong by stone as well as brick for maintaining strength. The building techniques are interesting to see and observe. Rope are used for settled posture of roof, with the use of timber overall on that roof from the height level to roof level.

Actually Malla house are made by burned brick, mud and from such material which are used for building prospects. the material and techniques surely maintained by craftsmen or such designers who make such historic importance infrastructures which not only represents Newari culture but also represents its design, material aspects and a place for heritage conservation of Nepali traditions and our country Nepal. 

The techniques are very good and a measurable concept on that time where it’s much more difficult to adjust all that kind of beam, joist, timber (wooden beam/rafter) and column to its built figure. The techniques to stand the building like these kinds of typical houses or other such related works are quite tough and hard to stand for its roof from the sub structure to super structure level to maintain properly in a desired shape. 

MATERIAL USED

1. Stone: for foundation work

2. Brick: for wall posture

3. Mud (clay)

4. Wood (timber)

5. Burned brick: for wall 

 6. Tiles (tali): roof purpose

7. Jhingati

The Purbanchal University offers different project work as a part of M.Sc. Urban Design and Conservation Curriculum. The main objective of this project work is to provide the opportunity for the students to study and analyze field related problems.

This project report “Malla House” would be a helpful guideline for implementing the Newar tradition and building design aspects.This report would also help to understand, share and explore knowledge of the traditional architecture of the Kathmandu valley. 

What's Wrong with Inequality?

"Inequality concerns persisting and widespread disparities among the resources available for people to sustain themselves and their families in secure and healthy ways, to make adequate provision for their old age, to take advantage of amenities beyond bare subsistence, to participate in political or community affairs, to engage in volunteer activities, and to pursue valued long-term goals such as succeeding in their occupations or developing talents. 

The contrast is a social ideal where, as several political philosophers conceive of it, distribution of resources is sufficient for everyone to have realistic a chance of leading a meaningful, satisfying, or happy life.

Now, reasons for concern over the large and growing inequalities in Nepal, as elsewhere, will be given.

An even more dramatic case could be made by comparing wealth as well as in-come, including such things as real estate, stocks, and savings. 

The present condition delivers a statement of weak economy and lacking of judgement and unstable government which may become one of the main reason which leads the failure of economy in Nepal.

Besides their are many challenges, country is facing day by day with political derangement; lack of decision makers by bureaucrats, industrialist, traders, private sectors, social sectors; moral ground zero, political inability, failure of stable government, unrest, federal democratic issues relating to the overall development of Infrastructures, load shedding, strategies of foreign policy and affairs and the industrial sustainability with unemployment reasons. 

The mandate which gave for the new constitution was been delayed for its sustainability due to more crowded people in assembly which created many problems in the case of economic development, border security, Infrastructure development, equal access and equality. 

Due to the statement by the top leaders from different parties- for new constitution, is quite unfair for all the people living in the country with disparities issues which should have been addressed right now before having more issues and unstable in the coming future.

Instead, the intellectuals, for the most part, accepted the findings and reacted to them by complaining that reversing the trend would require socialistic state interference with market forces. 

A theme running through the critical reactions was that nobody has grounds for objection to growing income disparities as long as the worst off are no worse off than they had been earlier.  It was never been proven assumption that ballooning income of the rich is a central cause of economic growth (rather than being made possible by growth, which has other origins). 

The situation outcomes is quite disturbing facts that our economical and status is more unsustainable with our SAARC region and more vulnerable situation in front International bodies being in the middle of developing countries both with economic sustainability India and China. 

The lack of complete form of decisions, poor maturity in strategies and policies, lack of future oriented decisions, unemployment, lack of team dynamics and knowledge sharing, and lack of addressing national level agendas  for overall developments and national security.

Cities, regions, states (federal democratic situation of Nepal), and other public face a multitude of problems common to all their members, ranging from meeting subsistence needs to the provision of cultural amenities, the deployment and containment of technology, and, as is now generally recognized with justified alarm, confronting environmental challenges local issues, political disparities and stable government with constitution. 

Public are not homogeneous and may include groups with conflicting interests, but the problems they face are common to all their members, and they call for collective action to be addressed effectively.

Dewey persuasively argued that a democratically organized public is essential for meeting problems collectively and that recognition by people that they are members of a common public is necessary for effective democratic action. 

Only when people see that, despite their differences, they are “in the same boat” with respect to overriding problems — retrieving a sustainable environment, meeting energy needs safely, addressing problems of urban sprawl and crime, preserving farm lands and green spaces, strengthening education to meet the needs of a sophisticated world, and other challenges — will they act together to keep this boat a float.

Inequalities of the magnitude, we see in this Nation are unsolved matters which inhibit the development and functioning of a public welfare in Nepal in the following ways:

•   Economic gap:  

We know that from the very beginning, the traditional structure is much more responsible to create a disturbance regarding rich and poor issues which is one of the biggest threat for the societies in current market price, which is more difficult to sustain lives. 

This creates two public — one primarily concerned with making ends meet and trying to maintain a tolerable lifestyle; the other focused on keeping and enhancing its wealth by such measures as reducing its taxes and avoiding constraining government regulations.

•   Resources for addressing problems:

The accelerating disparity in Nepali incomes was largely made possible by agriculture developments and remittance, resulting in reduced social-economic services that greatly diminished the availability of public resources required to address common problems. Not only does this affect the potential for public action in the face of these problems, but it also demoralizes people and leads them to give up on collective action.

•   People became beggars: 

A consequence of reduced resources for public services is that the charity of the rich must increasingly be relied on. One effect of this is that their priorities get privileged attention. 

Throughout in our country, for example, one finds business schools much better funded from private sources than student residences or physical infrastructures. 

Perhaps more pernicious is that the need to cater to the wealthy to sustain essential public services defines the latter not as rights but as privileges conferred by a minority of the population as they see fit. 

This is not a situation conducive to nurturing a sense that we are all members of a common public. The rise in market price of the needy things makes us beggar in comparison with the dream perceived by the political leaders to sustain our lives in rise in economy with employment features.

•   Inequalities foster elitism and resentment: 

A common right-wing allegation is that people who are not rich are jealous of those who are and that this is the origin of pro-equality thinking. At odds with this perspective is that those who do well as a result of their own hard work typically are not resented. 

Negative attitudes enter the picture when people are well off through no effort of their own but due to inheritance or when large income hikes are given to already rich executives based, not on their merits, but just on their ability to unilaterally raise their own salaries, or when the amounts of wealth in question are obscenely high.  

These circumstances often prompt resentment.  Meanwhile, many of the rich come to see their wealth as signs of their superiority. 

Though public are not the same thing as communities, where everyone shares values and see each other as friends, they still require a certain level of mutual respect in order to take common actions. Resentment and elitism are not conducive to mutual respect.

•   Gross inequalities are part of a culture of possessive individualism: 

An alternative to resenting great wealth is aspiring to it as a main goal of life. This is a component of what the political philosopher called “possessive individualism,” which referred to a culture where people value each other and themselves in terms of how much they possess and think of their possessions and even of their own talents as private property.

The contrasting culture is one where people aim to develop their talents in cooperation with one another and see themselves as trustees of their possessions and abilities, rather than as their private owners. 

That is, they try to use their possessions and talents in ways beneficial to others, including future generations. 

Public action in a society dominated by a possessive-individualist culture is motivated by self-interested calculations, which is a shaky foundation at best for maintaining a vibrant public. 

In a society where wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few, its possession comes to be depicted as the goal of a meaningful life, thus reinforcing a possessive-individualist culture.

•   Inequality is an enemy of democracy:   

Public exist in democratic societies. While citizens of an officially undemocratic state, that is, an autocracy, face common problems, they lack the ability to take collective action to address them. 

The result is harmful to public spirit, since people understand themselves to be politically impotent and are accordingly demoralized. 

As a society begins to contain significant inequalities, it also begins to resemble an autocracy, despite still possessing the formal markings of a democracy.  

Political equality — one person, one vote — is essential to a democracy, but if money can determine for whom one is able to vote (by financing political parties and election campaigns) and can dictate limits on what representatives can actually do once elected no matter what their promises (due to threatened removal of personal or corporate support), understandable cynicism about democratic processes results and, with it, the weakening of public commitment. 

Inequalities also impede local and informal democracy. The differences of agendas between the rich and the rest, attitudes of elitism and resentment, and possessive individualism inhibit the development of workplace democracy or inclusive community activities.

Nobody in Nepal need, or should, face destitution. But beyond this, all should have available to them decent places to live, education, health and sanitation, respire,  employment , and other such basics which will help to sustain the daily life with peace and security.

The traditional structure of Nepal which was a reform of development region should be decentralized in order to fulfill the gap of inequality in the different sectors which has created this kind of disorders and creating many problems from the grass root level. 

There are many things which should be addressed to configure the overall structure of geographical, economical, political and weaker economy- with rise in economics, with development of Infrastructures, investment security, industrialization, ability to sustain trade, moral ground, changing the traditional taxation into new form, public private partnership with advantage to government policy, reforming new trade policy, foreign-affair policy , legal process of nation policy, improving the management of human resources, improving the quality of regulation, catalytic-steering rather than rowing, empowering rather than serving, competitive, mission-driven, strict rules and law to sustain peace, security and services, result-oriented, anticipatory, market-oriented and decentralized government from hierarchy to participation.

The social impacts caused the rise of Maoist which created many threats and disturbances in past 12 years, which destroyed the economical status of country along with many of the Industrialist, traders, opportunist and some leaders, today repeating the same things here with in the name of caste and religion group and such revolutionary forces,which is collapsing our status in front of Internationals and due to lack of decision makers, being in the middle of the India and China, we are far behind to accelerate economical development in our country, which directly links that we lacks morality with strong decisions as well as lack strong foreign policy to form a stable government. 

Financial bodies are indispensable factor for any productive sector in order to reform the economy of the world. But in context of Nepal, it lacks many things which don’t have any clear cut vision for development of region, cities and urban form. 

The old patterns should be modified for the new federal position to develop the nation, by finding the real cause and sustaining for the future to make rise in economical growth with Infrastructure developments creating with many opportunities for employment and investment security with capable information and competing with the international markets. 

Nepal is rich in different resources, culture, art and craft, heritage with the highest peaks and rich in water resources, but due to lack of manpower and equipment needed to developed, facing critical problem as well as due to international  by pressuring our so called leaders, the resources are in waste and again due to interfere by west  neighboring country , Nepal is facing poor status due to open border with criminal activities and failure in economy. 

Though it mostly depends upon the leaders to judge, but due to lack of morality and failure of addressing national agendas, our country day by day is in the way to slavery, and this kind of inequality remains intact if we do not start thinking from today, to make our country status rise by developing national economy with social unity, employment, security with stable governments and strong foreign affair policy with legal management with constitutional framework.

Investment is not a constraint to growth, it is the lack of visionary and determined leadership, and prolonged transition with increasing political instability are detrimental factors to economic development in Nepal".

Note: This is just the Draft Version and final editing is going on.

Achievements/ Recognition of the Hard work

"Education and Skills"

M.Sc. Urban Design and Conservation  (Master's Thesis: Urban Design and Pedestrian Behavior)
Bachelor in Civil Engineering (Rural Infrastructure Engineering/ Urban & Regional Planning)
Diploma in Computer  Application
Diploma in Legal Studies
Introduction to Contract in Law
Diploma in EU Public Procurement
Diploma in Project Management
Government Economic Policy

• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Fundamentals of Climate Change", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA)", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.  
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Investment Planning toward Low Emissions Development", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Saving Energy Through Energy Savings Performance Contracts", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course"Introduction to Social Accountability", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Gender Equality and Energy", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Education Staff Development Program: Early Childhood Development for Policymakers and Practitioners", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Sustainable Urban Land Use Planning", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Introduction to Disaster Risk Management", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Integrated Urban Transport Planning", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Designing and Implementing Successful Water Supply and Sanitation Utility Reform", The Open Learning Campus; World Bank.
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• Successfully completed the 5 weeks training course "Sustainable Agricultural Land Management Projects: Soil Carbon Monitoring", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Safe and Resilient Cities", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Urban Crime and Violence Prevention", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Leadership: Identity, Influence and Power (Lead)", Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Climate Change", Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Negotiation and Conflict Resolution", Macquarie Graduate School of Management; Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course "Parliaments in Fragile States", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Principles of Project Management", Polytechnic West; Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course on “Diploma in Legal Studies” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course  on “Diploma in EU Public Procurement” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully passed the training course on “Diploma in Project Management” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course  on “Introduction to Contract in Law” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course on “Government Economic Policy” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course  on “Risk Management- Managing Property and Liability Risk” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the training course  on “Introduction to Time Management” from Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online, Level one, Gal way Technology Park, Park more, Gal way, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Parliaments and Anti-Corruption", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "People, Politics and Change", The Open Learning Campus, World Bank.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Contemporary Issues in Ocean Governance", University of Wollongong, Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Early Childhood Education", Gowrie Victoria; Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Emergency Management", Massey University; Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Financial Literacy", Macquarie University, Sydney coordination with Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Financial Planning", Tafe Sydney coordination with Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Foundation of Psychology", RMIT University coordination with Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Indigenous Studies: Australia and New Zealand", Massey University/ University of Tasmania through Open Universities Australia. 
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Management for a Competitive Edge", International College of Management Studies; Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Becoming a Confident Trainer", Tafesa, Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the "Health and Safety Authority online course: Safety and Health in Construction -Third Level" from hsalearning, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the "Health and Safety Authority online course" Construction Safety: The Safety Management Pack (SMP20), from hsalearning, Ireland.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Sociology", Western Sydney University through Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Teaching Adult Learners", Central Institute of Technology through Open universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks training course "Water in a Thirsty World", Open2Study, Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed and passed the 5 weeks  training course "Introduction to Business in Asia", Griffith University through Open Universities, Australia.
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• Successfully completed the course in "Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) General Induction" for Construction Work in Melamchi Diversion Scheme-MDS/DT/02.
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• 1-year training course "Diploma in Computer Application", LCC InfoTech, Biratnagar, Nepal.
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• Short-course on Special studies in Urban Studies and Planning: Economic Development Planning Skills from MIT Open Courseware, 2015.
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• Short-course on Planning for Sustainable development from MIT Open Courseware, 2015. 
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• Workshop conducted by Ministry of Urban Development, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal on preparation of National Urban Development Strategy (NUDS), 2015. 
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• Workshop on Sustainable Urban Design of Kathmandu Valley, Dr. Mohan Moorti Pant, Khwopa Engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal, 2014.
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• Workshop on “Sustainable Architecture of Kathmandu Valley”, Dr. Rohit Ranjitkar, Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT), Patan, Lalitpur, Nepal, 2015.
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• Seminar on “Urban and Regional Development” conducted by Khwopa Engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
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• Successfully completed and passed the short-course on “Strategic Planning” from HP Life e-Learning.
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• Successfully completed and passed the short-course on “Effective Leadership” from HP Life e-Learning.
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• Workshop for the topic " Transplanting Urban Design of Bhaktapur into Newari Settlement of Bandipur", Dr. Bijaya Krishna Shrestha; Khwopa engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
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• Knowledge and understanding of theories, concepts and approaches relevant to particular sector, functional area or other specialized field.
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• Specialties: Urban Governance, Policy Analysis, Strategies & Planning, Economics,Urban Growth Management; Investment Planning & Debt Management; Climate change mitigation & Sustainable Development; Conservation planning, Perception mapping and Knowledge assessment.
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• Academic Research work 

1. Urban & Regional Planning; 
2. Documentation for Traditional Building and Heritage Conservation; 
3. Design Studio work for Conservation; 
4. Construction Technology and Material (Conservation work); 
5. Disaster Management and Urban Development; 
6. Archaeological Settlement of Lumbini and its surrounding Territory 
7. Urban Design Principle & Process; 
8. Detail study of Traditional fabric of Bhaktapur and Patan (Kathmandu Valley); 
9. Urban Area Expansion of Kathmandu; 
10. Detailed study on Structural Analysis of a Governmental Building, Kathmandu;
11. Neighbourhood Structure: Buddhanagar, Kathmandu, Nepal; 
12. Urban Governance 
13. Urban Infrastructure Financing in Nepal 
14. Remedies for Traffic condition in Kathmandu Valley
15. Major problems of Urban Environment and Development in Nepal
16. Communication Management in Project Management
17. Ghandruk Village Profile: A study of Cultural Management.
18. Urban Re-development pattern: A study of Jadibuti Node, Kathmandu Valley.( Urban Design Studio work)
19. Conservation Design Studio: Adaptive Re-use of Traditional Residential Dwelling
20. Paper on: Cost Analysis and Revenue Generation, a PPP model
21. Urbanization in context of Nepal
22. Octagonal Pavilion: A case study of "Sital Pati", Palpa, Tansen, Nepal.
23. Documentation of Traditional Residential Dwelling, Dhokasi, Patan, Lalitpur, Nepal
24. Paper presentation on "Phalcha and Sattal", A study of Bhaktapur, Nepal
25. Presentation on Poverty Alleviation
26. Disaster Risk Management: "Earthquake Rescue and Relief"
27. Analysis of Body Posture of a Child

• Ongoing Research:

1. Urban informal Settlements
2. Damage Assessment
3. Others as well.

 Passing Score for 

                              :World Bank Course -80% 
                              : ALISON (Advance Learning Interactive Systems Online) -80% 
                              : Open Universities Australia is minimum 60% in overall module
                              : For Health and Safety Authority online course, passing score 80% 
                              : For others, the course depends upon class hour but passing score 80%